The RazorKnow Organisation

The textbook definition of “administrative distance” is simple enough: “the measurement of a protocol’s believability”. It’s not enough to know the definition, however you’ve got to know when AD comes into the picture and when it does not.

When a packet needs to be routed, the router looks in its routing table for the next-hop IP address the packet should take to get to the destination. There may be more than one matching path, in which case the router will look for the “longest match”. The route that has the longest match - the route with the most bits in the mask set to “1″ - will be the route that is used.

Consider the following three routes from a fictional Cisco router:

I 172.17.0.0 /24 via 172.1.1.1

O 172.17.0.0 /25 via 173.1.1.1

R 172.17.0.0 /26 via 174.1.1.1

This router has three possible next-hop IP addresses that it can send packets destined for the network 172.17.0.0. The masks are of different lengths, meaning that the route with the longest match (again, the route with the most bits set to “1″) will be used. In this example, the RIP route will be used, since it has the longest match with a mask of /26. The administrative distances do not matter.

AD does matter when the masks are the same length, as shown here:

I 172.17.0.0 /24 via 172.1.1.1

O 172.17.0.0 /24 via 173.1.1.1

R 172.17.0.0 /24 via 174.1.1.1

The longest match rule always precedes the use of AD, but here there is a three-way tie regarding the masks. They’re all /24 (or 255.255.255.0 in dotted decimal). AD will be used to break this tie.

As mentioned, AD is a measurement of a protocol’s believability. It is important to keep in mind that the lowest AD will be preferred. And while the routing table will show you the ADs of the respective protocols, it’s a very good idea to know these ADs before taking the CCNA or CCNP:

Connected route: 0

Static Route: 1

EIGRP Summary: 5

External BGP: 20

EIGRP (Internal): 90

IGRP: 100

OSPF: 110

ISIS : 115

RIP: 120

EIGRP (External) : 170

Unknown: 255 (A router will not believe a source with an AD of 255, and such routes will not be placed into the routing table.)

The three protocols we looked at in the comparison were RIP, IGRP, and OSPF. While your first instinct may be that the OSPF route would be the most believable, IGRP actually has a lower AD than the other two and would be the route installed in the routing table.

Since IGRP does not support variable-length subnet masking and OSPF does, you may never see this scenario outside of an exam question. But if you do see it in the exam room or in a production network, you’ll understand how an IGRP route could be preferred over an OSPF route.

Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage (http://www.thebryantadvantage.com), home of free CCNA and CCNP tutorials, The Ultimate CCNA Study Package, and Ultimate CCNP Study Packages. Video courses and training, binary and subnetting help, and corporate training are also available. Pass the CCNA exam with Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933!

Stop Getting Lost

One of the greatest uses for a pocket pc is for gps navigation. Now all those people who continually get lost can find their way anywhere with the various types of gps navigation software available. No longer will they have the excuse of not wanting to ask for directions. The directions are easily accessible from their palm pilot.

The best pocket pc gps software has a gps receiver with it. This allows you to receive constant updates. Many of the best software products for your ipaq have some other great features, too. Some of these features include detailed maps for roads and streets in the U.S., Canada and Europe. These maps can be downloaded to and from your computer and often allow you to enter personalized information.

Other gps navigation software offers topographical maps, aviation maps and marine maps. For whatever kind of travel you do, there is a gps system for your pocket pc that will work splendidly. You no longer have to worry about being lost hiking in the mountains, flying a small personal aircraft or piloting your own boat.

The best gps software packages have extremely detailed voice guidance to keep your eyes on the road instead of on your pda. This safety feature should impress even the most careful driver.

Having gps navigation software on your pocket pc makes the world a much smaller, safer place to be and a heck of a lot easier to navigate. So, find the best pc pocket gps for you and never get lost again.

About the Author

Dan Ayala is webmaster and publisher of PDA-Review-Online.com, offering reviews on PDAs, Palm Pilots, Pocket PC’s, software and accessories. PDA Review Online provides free information and recommendations for your online resources that you can download anytime or anywhere.

Passing the CCNA is tough, and one of the toughest parts is keeping all the acronyms straight! Frame Relay has plenty of those, and today we’re going to examine what DLCIs do and how they’re mapped on a Cisco router.

Frame Relay VCs use Data-Link Connection Identifiers (DLCI - pronounced “del-see”) as their addresses. Unlike other Cisco technologies, VCs have only a single DLCI in their header. They do not have a source and destination.

DLCIs have local significance only. DLCI numbers are not advertised to other routers, and other routers can use the same DLCI numbers without causing connectivity issues.

Cisco uses the term global addressing to describe a technique by which a router in a frame relay network is reached via the same DLCI number from each router in the network. For example, in a 25-router network, the same DLCI number would be used to reach “Router A” by each router.

Global Addressing is an organizational tool that does not affect the fact that DLCIs have local significance only.

The locally significant DLCI must be mapped to the destination router’s IP address. There are two options for this, Inverse ARP and static mapping.

In both of the following examples, the single physical Serial interface on Router 1 is configured with two logical connections through the frame relay cloud, one to Router 2 and one to Router 3.

Inverse ARP runs by default once Frame Relay is enabled, and starts working as soon as you open the interface. By running show frame-relay map after enabling Frame Relay, two dynamic mappings are shown on this router. If a dynamic mapping is shown, Inverse ARP performed it.

R1#show frame map

Serial0 (up): ip 200.1.1.2 dlci 122(0×7A,0×1CA0), dynamic,

broadcast,, status defined, active

Serial0 (up): ip 200.1.1.3 dlci 123(0×7B,0×1CB0), dynamic,

broadcast,, status defined, active

Static mappings require the use of a frame map statement. To use static mappings, turn Inverse ARP off with the no frame-relay inverse-arp statement, and configure a frame map statement for each remote destination that maps the local DLCI to the remote IP address. Frame Relay requires the broadcast keyword to send broadcasts to the remote device.

R1#conf t

R1(config)#interface serial0

R1(config-if)#no frame-relay inverse-arp

R1(config-if)#frame map ip 200.1.1.2 122 broadcast

R1(config-if)#frame map ip 200.1.1.3 123 broadcast

The syntax of the frame map statement maps the remote IP address to the local DLCI.
Broadcasts will not be transmitted by default; the broadcast option must be configured.

R1#show frame map

Serial0 (up): ip 200.1.1.2 dlci 122(0×7A,0×1CA0), static,

broadcast,

CISCO, status defined, active

Serial0 (up): ip 200.1.1.3 dlci 123(0×7B,0×1CB0), static,

broadcast,

CISCO, status defined, active

Hands-on practice is the best way to prepare for CCNA exam success. Working with Frame Relay in a lab environment practically guarantees that you’ll truly master the concepts shown here - and then you’re on your way to the CCNA and becoming a master network engineer.

Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage, home of free CCNA and CCNP tutorials, The Ultimate CCNA Study Package, and Ultimate CCNP Study Packages.

For a FREE copy of his latest e-books, “How To Pass The CCNA” and “How To Pass The CCNP”, visit the website and download your free copies. You can also get FREE CCNA and CCNP exam questions every day! Get your CCNA study guide from The Bryant Advantage!

Radware DefensePro Nets NSS Approved Status for its IPS Solution

Helping organizations secure, optimize and ensure performance for mission critical applications, Radware (NASDAQ: RDWR) the leading provider of Intelligent Application Switching solutions, announced that recent independent tests by the NSS Group, an independent security testing facility, confirm that DefensePro offers comprehensive and reliable Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) capabilities.

Realizing that application security involves more than strictly blocking malicious content, Radware submitted its DefensePro 3000 to the NSS Group’s IPS testing program, during which they conducted a series of real-world tests that examined DefensePro’s ability to thwart attacks while ensuring the availability and performance of mission critical applications. The NSS Group’s rigorous, independent tests proved that Radware’s DefensePro 3000 secured mission critical applications across high-speed and high capacity environments. Moreover, NSS Group found DefensePro’s throughput and latency are excellent under almost all network loads and across all packet sizes, underscoring Radware’s assertion that DefensePro offers industry leading defense and application availability.

“Beyond blocking or preventing attacks, an IPS solution must also guarantee network security and application performance and reliability,” said Assaf Ronen, vice president of research and development, Radware. “The NSS Group’s tests confirmed that only DefensePro’s advanced security features can block all manner of attacks while leaving these mission-critical applications unaffected.”

The NSS Group tests underscored the unique capabilities of DefensePro and concluded that:

Under eight hours of extended attack (comprising millions of exploits mixed with genuine traffic), DefensePro blocked 100 percent of attack traffic, while passing all legitimate traffic.

DefensePro’s switching architecture helped it post excellent latency figures under all traffic loads.

DefensePro demonstrated impressive SYN protection, processing 100Mbps of SYN flood traffic with negligible latency while safeguarding against illicit traffic patterns and hacking.

DefensePro blocked application attacks at a speed of 1-Gigabit per second by identifying and mitigating protocol and traffic anomalies in real-time.

“Radware’s overall performance is quite impressive,” said Bob Walder, Director, NSS Group. “Our tests found that DefensePro detected and, more importantly, blocked all attacks -even when subjected to extreme conditions.”

About Radware Radware (NASDAQ:RDWR) is the Global Leader in Intelligent Application Switching, enabling the full availability, maximum performance and complete security of all mission critical networked applications while dramatically cutting operating and scaling costs.

Radware’s integrated Application Security , Application Infrastructure and End-to-End Connectivity solutions are deployed by over 2,500 enterprises and carriers worldwide. Radware offers the broadest product line in the industry meeting application needs at every critical point across the network including Web and Application Servers, Firewalls, VPNs, ISP links, Anti-Virus Gateways and Cache.

According to Rebecca Gill, Vice-President of TGI Ltd., “Enterprise 21 is a fully integrated ERP software package developed in a closed system approach that has built in controls necessary to obtain SOA compliance.” Pertinent sections SOX include: * Section 302 - Corporate Responsibility for Financial Statements * Section 404 - Management Assessment of Internal Controls * Section 409 - Real-time Issuer Discloser Enterprise 21 Supports SOX (Sarbanes-Oxley) Compliance in the following ways: * Secure system log on and tracking * Transactions are recorded and accounted for properly * Online support of corporate policies and procedures * Segregation of duties via multi-level system security * Online approvals and authorization for key transactions * Online reporting of financial data * Timely information capture and accessibility * Strict adherence to GAAP * Proper period ending * Workflow management and exception reporting AMR Research recently released estimates that Sarbanes-Oxley spending next year will once again top $6 billion. Of that amount, thirty-two percent of $1.9 billion will be spent on technology. Traditionally companies have focused on the human side of adhering to the SOA, although this focus has very proved costly to maintain. Companies are discovering more and more that the benefit of deploying technology to manage the requirements SOA brings long-term, proven results. Sarbanes-Oxley Compliance Requirements are focused on the proper management and disclosure of corporate financial data. It states that anyone who knowingly and intentionally alters, destroys, mutilates, conceals, covers up, falsifies or makes a false entry in any record or document shall be prosecuted and fined under the law.

About Technology Group International, Ltd. Founded in 1990 and headquartered in Toledo, Ohio, Technology Group International is a proven technology leader delivering Tier 1 application software functionality at a price performance level that can be readily accepted by organizations of all sizes. Specializing in software solutions for small and mid-market manufacturing and distribution companies, TGI’s integrated Enterprise Series software suite is a complete business process management solution. The product offering includes Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP), Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP), Supply Chain Management (SCM), Warehouse Management System (WMS), Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS), Decision Support System (DSS), Business Intelligence (BI), Manufacturing Execution System (MES), and eCommerce. TGI implements, maintains, enhances, and supports its packaged distribution and manufacturing software solutions directly and via its channel partners.

Technology Group International www.tgiltd.com Rebecca Gill 800-837-0028

No question about it, Bluetooth is very handy thanks to its improved integration with computers, cell phones and automobiles.

When Bluetooth first appeared about five years ago, the hype far outstripped its usefulness. The ability to eliminate the tangles of cords and cables was very alluring. Unfortunately, cost and complexity almost brought the technology to its knees.

Now its back, alive and well, fulfilling its promise as a useful tool in a variety of settings.

Europe was its early adopter and it is standard on nearly all European cell phones. They have adopted Bluetooth enabled phones, laptops, wireless keyboards, mice and more.

Sexy Headsets:

Cingular and T-Mobile wireless carriers use the same technology as their European counterparts and thus offer Bluetooth enabled devices for their customers. Bluetooth is rarer from Sprint and Verizon Communications which are based on North American technologies.

One major boost for adoption of Bluetooth enabled mobile phones will come from State and local governments. Many new laws and ordinances have been adopted or are in various stages of implementation that will levy fines for driving and using a hand held cell phone. The push for hands-free calling will move Bluetooth forward in the marketplace.

Acura TL now offers Bluetooth integrated into the automobile allowing the driver to use the cars stereo system as a speakerphone and displays information on the dashboard. Bluetooth car kits are now available from Motorola, Nokia, Parrot and others for about $100.

Early teething problems included high cost and poor battery life and made it unattractive for handsets. But now Logitech’s Mobile Bluetooth handset can be had for about $50. The $140 Jabra BT800, which lets you control many cell-phone functions on the headset, offers six hours of talk time and five days of standby. After that, you can recharge by running a USB cable from the headset into a laptop so you don’t need to take a charger with you. A headset on the way from Plantronics will come with adapters that allow charging from most phone adapters or from an AA battery.

Bluetooth Linking:

Beyond mobile phones, Bluetooth is beginning to make inroads into other aspects of wireless communication. Although Windows support is somewhat primitive by current standards, the technology is standard on Apple Macintoshes and optional on other products. Apple uses the latest, faster version of Bluetooth. If Mac detects a Bluetooth enabled keyboard and mouse during startup, it will link to them automatically.

PalmOne is also a big supporter of Bluetooth. PalmOne’s software overcomes most of the Windows difficulties and allows their handheld devices to sync and swap files with a Windows laptop over Bluetooth. Making sync work with a new Mac PowerBook is even easier. As for Microsoft’s primitive Bluetooth world, it is possible to get a Pocket PC to sync with Windows over Bluetooth, but is only for the technically savvy.

Bluetooth Worth Waiting For:

Bluetooth still falls short. Early promoters envisioned that you would be able to walk up to a printer with your laptop of PDA, click a button, and print. We’re still waiting for that one. Bluetooth printers are rare but we can assume that the advent of Bluetooth enabled digital camera phones will spur this technology further and make for easy printing of those treasured moments.

The technology savvy users are an impatient lot. If it doesn’t catch on right away they move on to something newer and different. If anything, Bluetooth has proven that acceptance can take a while. But isn’t it worth the wait?

We technology watchers are an impatient lot who tend to give up on anything that doesn’t catch on right away. Bluetooth has proved once again that acceptance can take a long time — and that sometimes it’s worth the wait.

About The Author

Raymond Klesc - Global Value Connect ( http://www.globalvalueconnect.com ) has been providing the best value in telecommunication products and services for the home or office since 1995. If you want to cut your telephone bill in half register today for our free eBook entitled “Telephone Bill Saving Tips for Home and Office” and is available at: http://www.globalvalueconnect.com/Saving_Tips.htm.

info@globalvalueconnect.com

As RIPN, the Russian registry reports, RIPN stops to perform the duties of .RU Second Level Domain Names Registrar from 2005 January 01. But RIPN remains the operator of the ru-registry and continues to provide technical support of Domain Name Registration System and name servers of ru-domains. It will stay also registrar concerning org.ru-domains , net.ru-domains , .pp.ru-domains and com.ru-domains Therefore all Second Level Domain NameRegistration Agreements between RIPN and persons or entities will be terminated from January 01, 2005.

It will be impossible to extend registration terms of ru-domains sponsored by RIPN after the termination of the Second Level Domain Name Registration Agreements. All ru-domains registered before January 01, 2005 will be supported by RIPN till expiration date. To maintain and renew the domain name registrations of existing ru-domains it is necessary to transfer domains sponsorship to another active registrar.

If you do not want to loose your ru-domain, you should transfer it before January 2005 to ICANN Registrar Secura.(https://www.domainregistry.de/ru-domain.html).

Hans-Peter Oswald

https://www.domainregistry.de/ru-domain.html

Hans-Peter Oswald

https://www.domainregistry.de/ru-domain.html

CEO

ICANN accredited registrar Secura

secura@domainregistry.de

Sen. Partick J. Leahy has introduced the Anti-Phishing Act
of 2005 to Congress for consideration. The Act would allow
federal prosecutors to seek fines of up to $250,000 and
prison sentences of up to five years against individuals
convicted for promoting phishing scams. Online parody and
political speech sites would be excluded from prosecution.

“Phishing” is an online scam used to deceive computer users
into giving up personal information such as social security
numbers and passwords. Phishing scams usually involve email
messages requesting the verification of personal information
from a familiar business. Readers are provided a link that
sends them to what appears to be the site of the company in
question. The reader is then asked to verify their account
information by providing their name, address, social
security number, account number, etc.

In truth, the site is an illegal copy of the business in
question and the reader’s information is collected for later
fraudulent use including identity theft. Consumers are
estimated to lose hundreds of millions of dollars a year to
phishing scams. Undoubtedly, you have received more than a
few of these emails.

Phishing emails are most likely to use the sites of banks,
credit card companies, and large retailers. Online companies
such as Ebay, PayPal and Earthlink have had similar
problems. One particularly aggressive group even scammed the
site of the IRS.

In April 2004, the IRS warned consumers that scam artists
were sending emails purportedly from the IRS. Consumers
received emails claiming they were under investigation for
tax fraud and subject to prosecution. The emails contained
language telling recipients they could “help” the
investigation by providing “real” information and directed
them to a website that was derivative of the IRS site.
Consumers were then asked to provide detailed personal
information to dispute the charge. Since most people fear
the IRS, one can assume that a large number of people took
the phishing bait.

Commentary

The Anti-Phishing Act of 2005 is a nice start to combating
scam artists that use phishing to pilfer money from
consumers. The Act, however, will not put an end to
deceptive phishing practices if it is passed. There reason
involves jurisdictional issues.

A large percentage of the individuals promoting phishing
scams reside outside of the United States. While they may
take notice of the law, it will have no discernible effect
on their fraudulent scams. Until there is an international
response, phishing scams will continue to be a problem.
Nonetheless, Senator Leahy should be commended for
initiating efforts to deal with this growing problem.

About the Author

Richard A. Chapo is with SanDiegoBusinessLawFirm.com - This article is for information purposes only. Nothing in this article is intended to address the reader’s specific situation nor does it create an attorney-client relationship.

Though the countries in transition are far from being an homogeneous lot, there are a few denominators common to their Internet experience hitherto:

1. Internet invasion

The penetration of the Internet in the countries in transition varies from country to country - but is still very low even by European standards, not to mention by American ones. This had to do with the lack of infrastructure, the prohibitive cost of services, an extortionist pricing structure, computer illiteracy and luddism (computer phobia). Societies in the countries in transition are inert (and most of them, conservative or traditionalist) - following years of central mis-planning. The Internet (and computers) are perceived by many as threatening - mainly because they are part of a technological upheaval which makes people redundant.

2. The rumour mill

All manner of instant messaging - mainly the earlier versions of IRC - played an important role in enhancing social cohesion and exchanging uncensored information. As in other parts of the world - the Internet was first used to communicate: IRC, MIRC e-mail and e-mail fora were - and to a large extent, are - all the rage.

The IRC was (and is) used mainly to exchange political views and news and to engage in inter-personal interactions. The media in countries in transition is notoriously unreliable. Decades of official indoctrination and propaganda left people reading between (real or imaginary) lines. Rumours and gossip always substituted for news and the Internet was well suited to become a prime channel of dissemination of conspiracy theories, malicious libel, hearsay and eyewitness accounts. Instant messaging services also led to an increase in the number (though not necessarily in the quality) of interactions between the users - from dating to the provision of services, the Internet was enthusiastically adopted by a generation of alienated youth, isolated from the world by official doctrine and from each other by paranoia fostered by the political regime. The Internet exposed its users to the west, to other models of existence where trust and collaboration play a major role. It increase the quantity of interaction between them. It fostered a sense of identity and community. The Internet is not ubiquitous in the countries in transition and, therefore, its impact is very limited. It had no discernible effect on how governments work in this region. Even in the USA it is just starting to effect political processes and be integrated in them.

The Internet encouraged entrepreneurship and aspirations of social mobility. Very much like mobile telephony - which allowed the countries in transition to skip massive investments in outdated technologies - the Internet was perceived to be a shortcut to prosperity. Its decentralized channels of distribution, global penetration, “rags to riches” ethos and dizzying rate of innovation - attracted the young and creative. Many decided to become software developers and establish local version of “Silicon Valley” or the flourishing software industry in India. Anti virus software was developed in Russia, web design services in former Yugoslavia, e-media in the Czech Republic and so on. But this is the reserve of a minuscule part of society. E-commerce, for instance, is a long way off (though m-commerce might be sooner in countries like the Czech Republic or the Baltic).

E-commerce is the natural culmination of a process. You need to have a rich computer infrastructure, a functioning telecommunications network, cheap access to the Internet, computer literacy, inability to postpone gratification, a philosophy of consumerism and, finally, a modicum of trust between the players in the economy. The countries in transition lack all of the above. Most of them are not even aware that the Internet exists and what it can do for them. Penetration rates, number of computers per household, number of phone lines per household, the reliability of the telecommunications infrastructure and the number of Internet users at home (and at work)- are all dismally low. On the other hand, the cost of accessing the net is still prohibitively high. It would be a wild exaggeration to call the budding Internet enterprises in the countries in transition - “industries”. There are isolated cases of success, that’s all. They sprang in response to local demand, expanded internationally on rare occasions and, on the whole remained pretty confined to their locale. There was no agreement between countries and entrepreneurs who will develop what. It was purely haphazard.

4. The great equalizer

Very early on, the denizens of the countries in transition have caught on to the “great equalizer” effects of the Net. They used it to vent their frustrations and aggression, to conduct cyber-warfare, to unleash an explosion of visual creativity and to engage in deconstructive discourse.

By great equalizer - I meant equalizer with the rich, developed countries. See the article I quoted above. The citizens of the countries in transition are frustrated by their inability to catch up with the affluence and prosperity of the West. They feel inferior, neglected, looked down upon, dictated to and, in general, put down. The Internet is perceived as something which can restore the balance. Only, of course, it cannot. It is still a rich people’s medium. President Clinton points out the Digital Divide within America - such a divide exists to a much larger extent and with more venomous effects between the developed and developing world. the Internet has done nothing to bridge this gap - on the contrary: It enhanced the productivity and economic growth (this is known as “The New Economy”) of rich countries (mainly the States) and left the have-nots in the dust.

5. Intellectual property

The concept of intellectual property - foreign to the global Internet culture to start with - became an emblem of Western hegemony and monopolistic practices. Violating copyright, software piracy and hacking became both status symbols and a political declaration of sorts. But the rapid dissemination of programs and information (for instance, illicit copies of reference works) served to level the playing field.

Piracy of material is quite prevalent in the countries in transition. The countries in transition are the second capital of piracy (after Asia). Software, films, even books - are copied and distributed quite freely and openly. There are street vendors who deal in the counterfeit products - but most of it is sold through stores and OEMs.

I think that intellectual property will go the way the pharmaceutical industry did: Instead of fighting windmills - owners and distributors of intellectual property will join the trend. They are likely to team up with sponsors which will subsidize the price of intellectual property in order to make it affordable to the denizens of poor countries. Such sponsors could be either multi-lateral institutions (such as the World Bank) - or charities and donors.

Sam Vaknin is the author of Malignant Self Love - Narcissism Revisited and After the Rain - How the West Lost the East. He is a columnist for Central Europe Review, United Press International (UPI) and eBookWeb and the editor of mental health and Central East Europe categories in The Open Directory, Suite101 and searcheurope.com.

Visit Sam’s Web site at http://samvak.tripod.com

For the most part, Christian Motivational Speakers concentrate on two areas that may overlap. The first is spreading the gospel. The other focus is speaking face to face with groups of people with the sole intent of converting as many of them as possible over to whatever particular group they represent.

For the most part, Christian motivational speakers concentrate on two areas that may overlap. The first is spreading the gospel. This does not mean that they are training for the priesthood. It means that they apply the Bible’s teachings to anything and everything going on in the world today and they speak about it at whatever opportunity arises.

In the past several years, with the country leaning more and more to the right, popular radio and TV shows have sprung up, and Christian motivational speakers are invited to present their views through the media, to a large audience of viewers or listeners. They are not preaching. They are discussing current events or trends from a Biblical or religious perspective. For example, recently there was a man who sued the Federal Government to have the words “under God” removed from the pledge of allegiance. This prompted many discussions in churches and schools as well as on radio and TV. Some of the people who were discussing the religious side of the conflict were Christian motivational speakers known for their ability to articulate a discussion in a clear and concise and “winning” manner.

The other focus for Christian motivational speakers is speaking face to face with groups of people with the sole intent of converting as many of them as possible over to whatever particular group they represent. In order for any particular religious group to survive and prosper into the future it must constantly be growing. That means people must join them, or at the very least, people must be persuaded to donate money or other assets to the group.

religious figures often employ the services of well-trained Christian motivational speakers to bring people into the fold and increase donations. While the men at the top of these organizations concentrated on weekly preaching and prayer services, they actively trained and sent out speakers to convince the masses of people to join their groups. It is combination of the message offered by the particular leader with the skills and talents of the motivational speakers that will bring people on board. The motivational speakers who perform the best, and who bring in the most donations or new members, are very highly paid for their services.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Motivational Speakers provides detailed information about youth, professional, and Christian motivational speakers, as well as advice on how to become a motivational speaker. For more information go to http://www.e-motivationalspeaker.com and/or visit our affiliate site at http://www.growthink.com.